An approach for precision farming under pivot irrigation system using remote sensing and GIS techniques

The current work is aimed to realizing land and water use efficiency and determining the profitability of precision farming economically and environmentally. The studied area is represented by an experimental pivot irrigation field cultivated with maize in Ismailia province, Egypt. Two field practices were carried out during the successive summer growing seasons (2008 and 2009) to study the response of maize plants single hybrid 10 (S.H.10) to traditional and precision farming practices. Traditional farming (TF) as handled by the farm workers were observed and noted carefully. On the other hand precision farming (PF) practices included field scouting, grid soil sampling, variable rate technology and its applications. After applying PF a dramatic change in management zones was noticed and three management zones (of total four) were merged to be more homogenous representing 84.3% of the pivot irrigation field.Under PF Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques have played a vital role in the variable rate applications that were defined due to management zones requirements. Fertilizers were added in variable rates, so that rationalization of fertilizers saved 23.566 tonnes/experimental pivot area. Natural drainage system was improved by designing vertical holes to break down massive soil layers and to leach excessive salts. Crop water requirements were determined in variable rate according to the actual plant requirements using SEBAL model with the aid of FAO Cropwat model. Irrigation schedule of maize was adopted considering soil water retention, depletion, gross and net irrigation saving an amount of water equal to 93,718 m³ in the pivot irrigation field (153.79 acre). However costs of applying PF were much higher than TF, the economic profitability (returns-costs) achieved remarkable increase of 29.89% as a result of crop yield increment by 1000, 2100, 800 and 200 kg/acre in the management zones 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Finally applying adequate amounts of fertilizers beside water control the environmental hazards was reduced to the acceptable limits.     

内蒙古河套灌区隆胜节水农业示范区水盐动态分析

通过水管部门组织科技人员对河套灌区调研为基础,以农业综合节水为目的,在灌区的中游永济灌域隆胜乡境内建设了节水农业示范区,面积为0.28万hm2.节水农业改造工程主要措施:渠道防渗衬砌、平地缩块.节水农业改造工程2002年竣工后,在运行中监测了3年,得出灌溉水量平均减少了12.3%;对示范区水盐动态进行了分析.     

乐昌峡水利枢纽工程右岸坝肩边坡变形稳定分析

乐昌峡水利枢纽右岸高边坡风化层深厚,岩石强度弱,大坝右岸坝肩开挖后,将形成约215m的开挖边坡,边坡处于降雨强度大的地区,在施工期边坡开挖过程中的变形稳定,直接影响到碾压混凝土大坝的施工工期,十分关键.为了验算边坡开挖中和开挖后的稳定性,首先采用有限元法,对边坡开挖过程进行模拟,给出边坡的变形、屈服区等应力应变情况,利用强度折减法得到边坡的抗滑稳定安全系数,其次,用刚体极限平衡法计算安全系数,并与有限元的计算结果进行对比分析.在缺少渗流基本资料情况下,对深厚风化层的稳定状态,在极限平衡分析中,进行受降雨影响下的敏感性分析.最后对该工程提出加强观测和排水等措施,对边坡的稳定具有指导意义.     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的冬小麦根系层水分渗漏分析

利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟了河北省石津灌区冬小麦水分渗漏情况。结果表明,研究区40％的灌溉降雨量和38％的总供水量流出了200cm边界层,通过设置12种方案得到初始饱和度、2次春灌水量是影响灌区渗漏的主要因素,而二水时间间隔和第一水灌水日期影响相对较小。通过设置426种方案,分别得到了不同初始饱和度时,2次春灌灌水...     

猪笼草滑移区表面结构参数表征与捕集滑板仿生设计

猪笼草(Nepenthes)叶笼滑移区因具有特殊的表面结构而对昆虫表现出良好的滑移功能。利用扫描电子显微镜和三维白光干涉表面形貌仪对滑移区表面结构进行了显微观测并提取了三维结构参数,结果表明滑移区表面主要由两端略向下弯曲的月骨体和致密无序排列的蜡质晶体组成。基于滑移区表面微结构及其三维参数,利用3DSMAX软件设计了蝗虫捕集滑板的表面结构,为具有良好滑移功能的蝗虫捕集滑板的制造提供了理论基础。     

根系分区交替滴灌条件下葡萄根系分布特征及生长动态

采用原位取土法和根系生态监测系统连续两年研究了葡萄的根系空间分布和全生育期根系生长动态,结果表明:葡萄根系在水平方向主要分布在距离树干100 cm的范围内,占到总根系的80％以上,而且在径向方向呈指数衰减;葡萄根系在垂直方向主要分布在0～60 cm范围的土层内,占到总根系的75％以上.根系分区交替滴灌条件下干燥区与湿润区根系生长是不同的,葡萄的新生根系受到土壤水分条件的限制和自身生长的影响.在整个生育期,葡萄根系分区交替滴灌两侧根系生长均呈抛物线变化.     

农田优化灌溉动态管理基本程序与方法研究

从土壤———作物———大气连续体角度出发 ,利用田间试验资料和气象资料 ,分析了影响优化灌溉方案制定的有关因子 ,确定出春小麦、春玉米不同生长阶段土壤水分控制下限标准 ;在土壤水分平衡理论的基础上 ,建立了时域滚动预报灌溉日期的方法 ;并以春小麦、春玉米农田为例进行了检验 ,结果比较理想     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

Visits to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from South Asia and the Middle East, 1946–1990: An indicator of changing international programs and politics

International study programs have contributed to the diffusion of modern irrigation technologies, approaches, and problems. But the patterns and processes of international travel have received little attention to date. This paper examines foreign visits to the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from South Asia and the Middle East from 1946 to 1990. Using data from the Foreign Activities Branch of the USBR, we compare the participation rates from 16 countries in South Asia and the Middle East. India, Turkey, and Egypt had the highest rates of participation, followed by Pakistan, Iran, and Israel. The frequency of visits is influenced by political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. But the most important factors appear to be foreign relations and geopolitics. Given the problems faced by national irrigation bureaucracies around the world, there is a need to focus more directly on political factors than in the past.     

南水北调东线工程泵站技术管理模式研究

以南水北调东线工程准市场化运作为背景 ,以合理性、经济性和可靠性为目标 ,以江苏省江水北调工程泵站技术管理为基础 ,从管理体制、运行管理、日常管理、维护检修等方面研究南水北调东线工程大型梯级泵站的技术管理模式与方法。研究结果对提高工程调水可靠性、经济性和工程的可持续发展有一定意义。